A Subconference of the World Design Cities Conference

Designing AI’s
Boundaries:
Respecting Human Agency

Shanghai · September 26–29, 2026

Venue
SUES & Tongji University
Format
Dialogue · No Papers
Co-Chairs
LOU Yongqi · Michael Lissack · XIN Xiangyang

Is There Too Much AI?

Most conferences are occasions for talking: papers are delivered, panels perform, an audience listens, and everyone leaves with a tote bag and their opinions intact. This event is built on the opposite premise. There are no papers and no spectators — every person in the room (and every person joining remotely) is a working participant in a sustained, structured dialogue, supported by AI tools that handle the retrieval and synthesis so the humans can do what only humans can: question, judge, and decide. And the work aims at something usable. Over four days, each participant builds a concrete takeaway — an action plan for designing, in their own domain, the balance among three kinds of reliance: when to rely on AI, when to rely on human perception and judgment, and when to rely on the context and information particular to the situation at hand. The difference is what you leave with.

Every discipline now confronts the same recursive problem: AI systems are redesigning the people who are supposed to govern them. This conference refuses to treat that as a technical puzzle with a technical solution. Instead, we ask a design question — how do we draw boundaries that respect what only humans can do?

Hosted within the World Design Cities Conference, this four-day subconference brings together complexity scientists, philosophers of mind, AI researchers, educators, and a playwright to hold that question in dialogue — through Buberian dialogues, keynote exchanges, and AI-augmented working groups designed to produce insight that no single discipline could reach alone.

The intellectual engine is the concept of the AI Dramaturg: the recognition that every discipline has a dramaturgical function — the framing, staging, and interpretation of its own questions — that AI can partially supply but cannot replace. The irreducible remainder is situated human judgment. The line does not run between the biological and the artificial; it runs between participants that have something at stake in whether their anticipations hold and processes that do not.

Beneath that boundary lies a question about reasoning itself — about abduction, the act of deciding which explanation is worth reaching for. A model surveys an enormous field at once and weighs relevance in a single currency, learned similarity across everything in view: comprehensive, but flat. A person works from a small foreground, steered by something the model lacks — affect, bodily salience, the trained feel for what matters that can reframe a problem on a basis no text contains. A model can make the products of that judgment legible; it cannot perform the judgment. Drawing that line is the work of these four days.

DesignX

Complex, sociotechnical problems that resist traditional design methods. AI’s relationship to human agency is a DesignX problem par excellence — the observer is part of the system being designed.

Second-Order Science

The presuppositions governing how a field knows what it knows. We surface them, question them, and ask what changes when AI enters the epistemic loop.

The 60/40 Split

AI can supply roughly 60% of what any discipline’s dramaturgy requires. The 40% it cannot — the situated judgment, the ethical framing, the interpretive act — is the subject of this conference.

Habitus & the Tacit

A field’s habitus — its durable, embodied dispositions — and its tacit know-how decide what a practitioner treats as the obvious move. A corpus-trained model can surface the sediment they leave behind, not the disposition that produced it. What it flattens is what we mean to name. It flattens by taking everything up at once: a process with no limit on what it can attend to never has to choose, and choosing is what a disposition is for.

The AI Dramaturg

Every discipline has a dramaturgical function — the framing, staging, and interpretation of its own questions. AI can partially supply this function but cannot replace it. The remainder is what makes us human.

In theater, the dramaturg is the person who holds the intellectual architecture of a production — researching context, questioning choices, ensuring coherence. The dramaturg doesn’t direct, doesn’t act, doesn’t write. The dramaturg holds the space in which meaning is made.

AI is becoming every discipline’s dramaturg. It can retrieve, synthesize, pattern-match, and propose — reasoning, in effect, over a learned surrogate of human practice. But it cannot make the situated judgment that transforms information into understanding. This conference asks: where exactly is that boundary, and how do we design systems that respect it?

60%
AI Can Supply
40%
Requires Human Judgment

The 26th opens with filmed provocations, Harry Collins’s keynote, and a reciprocal Buberian exchange, and closes with David Snowden joining live from the United Kingdom; the DesignX working sessions then run across the 26th and 27th, building the takeaway with GraspingAI. On the 28th the conference attends the WDCC events on Jumen Road, Huangpu, where Michael Lissack moderates the roundtable on human-machine symbiosis, and reconvenes that afternoon at SUES Changning for a single Buberian dialogue whose two strands — abduction beyond the machine, and what the model cannot be held to — interweave before the room.

Keynote

Harry Collins

Distinguished Research Professor, Cardiff University

For half a century, Harry Collins has been the definitive voice on what knowledge resists being made explicit. His work on tacit knowledge, expertise, and the sociology of scientific knowledge is the ground on which this conference’s central question stands: what can a machine be told, and what can it never be told? His keynote opens the first day.

Closing the First Day · 26 September · Live from the UK

David Snowden

Founder & Chief Scientific Officer, The Cynefin Company

Creator of the Cynefin framework and the founder of naturalistic sense-making, David Snowden has spent decades mapping where ordered approaches to knowledge end and complexity begins: why complex, unordered domains resist the pre-specified models that computation and best practice both depend on, and what that demands of human sense-making before, and instead of, formal inference. Travel restrictions keep him from Shanghai. He closes the first day instead with a composed provocation — his position articulated from his published work, as with the other films — followed by Snowden himself, live, to answer for it and take the room’s questions. Early evening in Shanghai, late morning in Wales.

Buberian Dialogue · 28 September · SUES Changning

Lorenzo Magnani

Professor of Philosophy of Science, University of Pavia

Lorenzo Magnani returned abduction — Peirce’s logic of forming explanatory guesses — to the world in which it actually happens. His eco-cognitive model shows that abductive reasoning is not a formal calculus but an activity distributed across bodies, instruments, and environments: we think through doing, and our guesses carry the weight of lived consequence. That insight anchors the first of the working groups’ six cases, and on the afternoon of 28 September he brings it into a Buberian dialogue with Ricardo Baeza-Yates — two interweaving strands on whether abduction can, or should, be formalized computationally, and on what a model can and cannot be held answerable for.

Buberian Dialogue · 28 September · SUES Changning

Ricardo Baeza-Yates

Director of Research, Institute for Experiential AI, Northeastern University · Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona

Ricardo Baeza-Yates has spent a career on what large-scale computation actually does to the people it is aimed at. A pioneer of web search and information retrieval and co-author of the field’s standard text, he turned from building these systems to auditing them, and his work on algorithmic bias — the taxonomy of harms that accumulate through data, through the algorithms themselves, and through the way people interact with the results — has shaped how responsible AI is now taught and regulated. He has chaired the ACM technology policy work on algorithmic accountability and has been among the clearest voices arguing that statistical inference at scale carries obligations it cannot discharge on its own terms.

On 28 September he takes the second strand of the Buberian dialogue — “What the Model Cannot Be Held To: Algorithmic Harm and the Limits of Statistical Inference” — interweaving with Lorenzo Magnani’s eco-cognitive abduction. Where Magnani asks what reasoning is when it happens in the world rather than in a calculus, Baeza-Yates asks what follows when a calculus is deployed on the world anyway, and who is left holding the consequences.

Video Provocations

The provocations are seven-minute films composed by the conference. For each, we studied the thinker’s recorded talks and published writing, wrote an essay articulating the position, and had that essay rendered as a narrated video. No synthesized voice or likeness of any speaker is used, and no speaker recorded anything for us: the narration is a machine voice reading the conference’s own prose. These are not statements by the people named. The names record whose thinking is put to the room, not participation in the event.

We are aware of what we have done. A conference asking where machines may stand in for human capacities opens each of its days with exactly such a stand-in — and one that cannot resist us, contradict us, or reconfigure our reading of it. That is the third case almost exactly, and the production is the fourth. We put the provocations forward as instances rather than illustrations: they are the first thing the working groups have to examine, and they are open to the same three questions as every other practice under study. David Snowden’s is the exception that shows the shape of the boundary — his provocation is composed like the rest, and then he appears live to answer for it, accept it, or take it apart.

Markus Buehler
MIT
Sherry Turkle
MIT
Don Norman
UC San Diego · Design Lab
Cameron Tonkinwise
UTS Sydney
Ken Friedman
Tongji University · She Ji
Batya Friedman
University of Washington · Value Sensitive Design
Lucy Suchman
Lancaster University
Joanna Bryson
Hertie School, Berlin
Thomas Powers
University of Delaware
Buberian Exchange — Protagonists

Two pairs, not two trios: the listeners become protagonists at the halfway point, and the protagonists describe what they heard. Hugo Letiche holds the whiteboard across both movements.

Owen Matson
Feng Tao
Nankai University
Buberian Exchange — Learned Listeners
Alice Jing Shan
ScholarLand Ltd · Relational Dynamics™
Thomas Ploug
Professor of Data and AI Ethics · Aalborg University Copenhagen
Working Sessions
Hugo Letiche
ISTEC Paris
Lola Woetzel
McKinsey & Company
Marco Palombi
Entrepreneur · human-centric platforms
Aaron Kagan
GraspingAI
Brenden Meagher
Second Order Science Foundation
Dan Zhu
Design PhD · Generative-AI Artist
David Ing
Former President, ISSS
Gary Metcalf
Former President, IFSR
Scholars & Participants
Brent Que
Frank Chen
Giorgio Zampirolo
Joachim Wiewiura
Ludovic Curtil
Peter Friess
Shuqin Ma
Terry Daniel
Remote Participants
Aleksandar Fatic
Anca-Simona Horvath
Andrew Rixon
Denisa Reshef Kera
Ezio Manzini
Fabio Anza
George Por
Gualtiero Piccinini
Ian Tepoot
John Hawkins
Magda Romanska
Marianna Simonyan
Moti Mizrahi
Natasha Vita-More
Piero Dominici
Ratnish Malhotra
Robert Lowe
Roger Hunt
Ruth Glendinning
Spyros Aleiferis
Thomas Biedermann
Thomas Powers
Umer Asgher
Viviana Polisena

Program Overview

Download the program overview (PDF) →

1
September 26 · Saturday · Tongji University

Opening Dialogues & DesignX

Opening
Video Provocations
Buehler · Turkle — the machine as partner set against what erodes when it stands in; two provocations that stake the day’s poles, each composed by the conference from that thinker’s published work
Midday
Keynote
Harry Collins on tacit and explicit knowledge — what machines cannot be told
Afternoon
Buberian Exchange
Matson · Feng Tao and Shan · Ploug — two pairs who trade places partway through, each serving in turn as protagonists and as learned listeners who describe what they heard, with Hugo Letiche on the whiteboard across both movements
Late Afternoon
DesignX: Framing the Orthogonal Space
The working sessions open — Lissack frames the problem: computational capability and situated human judgment as independent axes, not one scale, and the six cases are set out
Close of Day
David Snowden — Provocation and Live Q&A
The creator of Cynefin on why complex, unordered domains resist the pre-specified models that computation and best practice both depend on — a composed provocation, then Snowden himself live from the United Kingdom to answer for it and take the room’s questions before the first day breaks
2
September 27 · Sunday · Tongji University

DesignX Working Sessions

Opening
Video Provocations
Norman · Suchman · Bryson · Batya Friedman — designing for agency, situated action that escapes the plan, the governance the process itself demands, and the values already built into the design before anyone names them; four provocations composed by the conference from each thinker’s published work, run back to back to open the working sessions
Morning
Working Groups I — with GraspingAI
Participants sort themselves across the six shortcut cases and map the space between AI and human thought — six practices where AI stands in for a human capacity
Afternoon
Working Groups II — the Journey Method
Building a way to plot a route through that space fitted to a given user’s context
Late Afternoon
Consolidation
The groups bring their maps and journey drafts together, readying the takeaway carried into the 29th
3
September 28 · Monday · Jumen Road, Huangpu, then SUES Changning

WDCC, and the Afternoon Dialogue

Morning
WDCC International Design 100 Summit
At the WDCC Main Venue, 689 Jumen Road, Huangpu. Michael Lissack moderates the roundtable on human-machine symbiosis and cognitive reshaping, with Harry Collins among the panelists
Afternoon
Buberian Dialogue — Two Strands, One Encounter
At SUES Changning, after the transfer from the Summit, opening with video reflections drawn from the prior two days, in which two strands interweave — and the audience’s role is to find the commonalities and usable takeaways as they do
“Abduction Beyond the Machine: The Eco-Cognitive Model and the Limits of Computational Inference” — Lorenzo Magnani (University of Pavia), in dialogue with Ricardo Baeza-Yates. Whether abductive reasoning — as scientific discovery, model-based cognition, and distributed sense-making — can or should be formalized computationally, and what is lost or gained in the attempt
“What the Model Cannot Be Held To: Algorithmic Harm and the Limits of Statistical Inference” — Ricardo Baeza-Yates (Institute for Experiential AI, Northeastern University), in dialogue with Lorenzo Magnani. What follows when inference at scale is turned on the world anyway: how harm accumulates through data, through the algorithm, and through the way people act on its output — and who is left answerable for a reckoning that answers for nothing
Late Afternoon
Relating the Dialogues to the Group Work
The two strands carried back into the maps and journey drafts from the 27th
4
September 29 · Tuesday · SUES Changning

The Takeaway

Opening
Video Provocations
Ken Friedman · Tonkinwise · Thomas Powers — what the work owes as knowledge, what design should refuse, and what it means to build a machine that acts on reasons it cannot hold; three provocations composed by the conference from each thinker’s published work, before the map and the method
Morning
The Orthogonal Map
The working sessions consolidated into one shared picture: computational capability and situated human judgment drawn as independent axes rather than a single scale from worse to better — a space you can point at, where a model’s reckoning is strong, where it is empty, and where the two must meet
Late Morning
The Journey Method
A repeatable way to plot a route through that space for a given context — which work to hand to the model’s calculative reach, and which to hold back as embodied, situated judgment; the roughly 60/40 line drawn not in the abstract but for a real case brought into the room
Midday
Carrying It Forward
Each participant leaves having applied the map and the method once to their own domain — the takeaway is that instrument, a way of seeing and a way of deciding, not a proceedings volume
Afternoon
Inauguration of the SUES School of Design
The conference closes and the delegation attends the inauguration of the host school, its own work already done

Six Shortcuts, Six Capacities at Risk

Every stage of inquiry now has its AI shortcut. Hypotheses arrive pre-formed. Meaning arrives pre-structured. Users arrive pre-simulated. Artifacts arrive pre-built. Judgments arrive pre-rendered. Decisions arrive pre-optimized. None of these shortcuts is the work of fools.

Each is the product of competent, well-intentioned practice — and each rests on presuppositions its practitioners rarely stop to examine. On the 27th, the working groups take six such practices seriously enough to question them, asking the same three questions of each: What is being uncritically presupposed? What human capacity is quietly being placed at risk? And what boundary would protect it? Together the six trace the full arc of knowledge-making — from generating a hypothesis to deciding what to do.

The Boundary Cube — a triaxial diagram plotting situated judgment, computational reach, and exformation dependence, with corner terms from affordances to the frontier, a one-sided band on the main diagonal, and annotations at the frontier (reached by articulation; held only collectively) and the corpus face (circulation, frozen); dedicated to the memory of Max Boisot.
The Questioning Provocation
The Boundary Cube · six faces, two triads, one space · Lissack × Boisot · dedicated to the memory of Max Boisot
1 · Generating

The Hypothesis That No One Abduced

When a model proposes the hypothesis, the researcher receives something hypothesis-shaped — but has performed no abduction at all. Human abduction works from a limited base: cognitive constraint forces selection, and what we attend to carries valence earned through lived experience — the anomaly that nags, the guess that once failed. The constraint is the engine, not a defect. Ask a machine to abduct and both features vanish: nothing constrains attention, nothing is at stake, and valence is assigned by repetition across a corpus. Salience without a life behind it — relevance simulated by frequency.

Presupposed That a hypothesis is a text object rather than the residue of an inferential act; that frequency across a corpus is a workable proxy for what matters.
At risk Abductive competence — and the experience-earned sense of which anomaly is worth chasing.
The boundary question What must stay un-delegated for scientists and designers to keep learning to guess well?
2 · Representing

The Ontology That Closed the World

Knowledge graphs and enterprise ontologies promise machine-readable meaning: entities fixed, relations typed, semantics settled. The promise is real — and so are its buried commitments, including an unexamined circularity now that AI builds the ontologies that then constrain the AI.

Presupposed That meaning can be exhaustively represented; that identities remain stable across contexts; that the semantic world can be closed.
At risk The negotiability of meaning — re-categorizing, holding ambiguity open, noticing that the map’s categories were choices.
The boundary question Where must formalization stop so that re-description remains possible?
3 · Encountering

The User Who Was Never There

Synthetic user research replaces interviews, observation, and ethnography with simulated personas — built from the very expectations the designer brought to them. A simulated user can never resist you, contradict you, or reconfigure your understanding of the problem.

Presupposed That empathy is information transfer; that the other is a distribution; that surprise is noise rather than the most valuable signal in design research.
At risk The capacity for encounter — being changed by an actual other — and with it the ethical core of human-centered design.
The boundary question Which moments of contact with real people must design refuse to simulate?
4 · Making

The Artifact Its Maker Never Touched

Prompt-to-product workflows deliver functioning artifacts whose makers never engaged the material. Yet craft has always fed theory — geometry itself grew from the practices of masons, carpenters, and surveyors — and friction in making, including the friction of debugging, is where tacit understanding forms. Experts who already carry such models wield generative tools powerfully; novices who begin with the tools may never build the models at all.

Presupposed That the artifact is the knowledge; that friction in making is overhead rather than the site of understanding.
At risk Knowing-through-making — the generative channel by which craft feeds theory.
The boundary question What must still be made by hand — and by whom — for making to keep teaching?
5 · Evaluating

The Judgment Nobody Exercised

Journals, funders, schools, and firms are adopting AI screening and review — treating quality judgment as the application of criteria. But connoisseurship is tacit: it lives in trained judgment that cannot be fully codified, and it is acquired only by being exercised.

Presupposed That evaluation is criteria-checking; that judgment assisted is the same as judgment developed.
At risk Tacit evaluative expertise — and the apprenticeship pipeline through which each generation of evaluators is formed.
The boundary question Which acts of evaluation must remain human practice, precisely so that human evaluators continue to exist?
6 · Deciding

The Future That Was Only a Forecast

Decision-intelligence systems treat the future as a distribution over the past and deciding as optimizing. Genuine anticipation is something else: running internal models of possible futures while remaining able to re-perceive the situation itself — to notice that the model’s ontology of the problem is not the problem.

Presupposed That deciding is optimizing; that the model’s framing of the situation is the situation.
At risk Anticipation and sensemaking — the capacities that operate precisely where models fail: novelty, ambiguity, and the moment the frame itself must change.
The boundary question Which decisions must remain acts of human anticipation rather than acceptances of a forecast?

We are not staging prosecutions. Each group is anchored by participants whose life’s work names what is at risk, joined by practitioners of the very approaches under examination — invited not as defendants but as co-explorers. Each group produces a short statement of its presuppositions, its capacity at risk, and its proposed boundary. These statements become raw material for that evening’s AI Dramaturg synthesis, for the overnight remote cohort, and for the Orthogonal Map drawn on the 29th.

Three Formats, No Panels, No Soliloquys, No Reading from Slides

I–Thou

Buberian Dialogues (Day 1)

Two pairs, one exchange. Protagonists speak while learned listeners attend; at the halfway point they trade places, and the protagonists describe what they heard. The audience makes meaning. No debate — genuine encounter. The format is designed to produce insight that neither monologue nor panel discussion can reach.

ψ ≅ M

AI-Augmented Working Groups (Days 2 & 4)

Participants work with curated research materials, a shared transcript of every session, and personal lens agents that listen but never speak. Groups use AI as dramaturg — retrieval, synthesis, pattern-matching — while humans supply the judgment that turns information into insight.

Structural isomorphism, not identity: the model and the wave function occupy the same role in an anticipatory architecture. They are not the same thing, and the difference is where human judgment lives.

Buberian Dialogue (Day 3)

Two strands, one encounter, ninety minutes, then a session relating it to the group work. Not a lecture followed by Q&A — a structured intellectual exchange in which both participants are changed by the conversation. The audience witnesses thinking in real time and participates in how that thinking unfolds.

The Overnight Working Group

Remote participation here is not a livestream. This is a dialogue conference, and a camera pointed at a conversation twelve time zones away produces spectators, not participants. So the remote program is designed as a working role — one that enacts the conference’s own thesis. Each evening, an AI dramaturg synthesizes the day’s dialogues: the retrieval, the pattern-matching, the 60%. The remote cohort supplies what it cannot — the questioning, the reframing, the situated judgment. You are not watching the conference. You are stress-testing its central claim.

Three Evenings · 26–28 Sept

The Nightly Dialogue

Ninety minutes, live on Zoom from the Hotel Indigo, Shanghai, at 22:00 Shanghai time on the 26th, 27th, and 28th — hosted by Ken Friedman from Sweden and led by Hugo Letiche and Michael Lissack. The AI dramaturg presents its synthesis of the day. Two or three remote protagonists — roles rotating across the three nights — respond, question, and reframe. Open exchange follows. Capped at twenty-five participants so it remains an encounter, not an audience.

While Shanghai Sleeps

The Overnight Loop

Because your working day begins as Shanghai’s ends, the remote cohort works the night shift. You receive the same curated research materials, the same shared transcript and your own lens agent, as the in-room groups do, and you apply the Orthogonal Map and the Journey Method to your own domain. A distillation of the overnight work is carried into the next day’s sessions in Shanghai. The conference thinks around the clock.

Afterward

The She Ji Path

Remote participants who complete the overnight loop are eligible, on the same footing as in-room participants, to develop contributions for the companion She Ji theory issue, “The AI Dramaturg,” supported by the same research infrastructure.

22:00 Shanghai
16:00 Paris · Berlin
15:00 London
10:00 New York
07:00 San Francisco

Sessions are held on Zoom; joining details follow acceptance. There is no fee for remote participation. To apply for a remote place, write to michael.lissack@gmail.com with a few lines on your domain and the question you would bring. Remote places are reviewed on the same rolling basis as in-room applications.

Shanghai, China

The conference is co-hosted by Shanghai University of Engineering Science (SUES) and Tongji University, situated in one of the world’s great design cities. Shanghai’s position at the intersection of Eastern and Western intellectual traditions makes it the natural home for a conversation about designing AI’s boundaries.

The opening two days take place at Tongji University’s College of Design and Innovation in Yangpu. On 28 September the conference attends the WDCC events at the Main Venue, 689 Jumen Road, Huangpu, and reconvenes that afternoon at the Changning campus of Shanghai University of Engineering Science, where the closing day is also held. Participants are housed either near the Changning campus or at the Hotel Indigo throughout.

Conference Co-Chairs
LOU Yongqi · Michael Lissack · XIN Xiangyang
President, SUES · Second Order Science Foundation · Dean, College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University
WDCC
WDCC Main Venue
689 Jumen Road, Huangpu — 28 September, International Design 100 Summit
Media
Major International Coverage
Press and media partnerships confirmed
Publication
She Ji Theory Issue
Companion issue: “The AI Dramaturg” — planned for publication following the conference

See the Conversation

Invitation Film

A two-minute invitation to the conversation

Watch on YouTube →

Intellectual Foundations

The ideas beneath the conference — tacit knowledge, abduction, trust, and the boundaries of the machine

Watch on YouTube →

The Academic Case

The conference’s intellectual framework, in slides

View the slides →

Program Overview

The four days at a glance — a printable PDF of the full program

Download the PDF →

Join the Conversation

This conference is by invitation and application. We are seeking participants from design, complexity science, philosophy of mind, AI research, education, and the arts who want to spend four days thinking carefully about the boundaries between human and machine intelligence. No paper submissions required — bring your questions. And there are no fees: participation, whether in Shanghai or remote, is free of charge.

Apply to Participate

Applications reviewed on a rolling basis. There is no registration fee.
For inquiries, contact Michael Lissack at michael.lissack@gmail.com

She Ji: The AI Dramaturg

A companion theory issue of She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation is in development, titled “The AI Dramaturg.” The issue will explore the conference’s central proposition: that AI’s role across disciplines is best understood through the dramaturgical metaphor — and that the irreducible human contribution lies in the situated judgment that no model can replicate.

Participants in the conference’s AI-augmented working groups will have the opportunity to develop contributions for this issue, supported by the same research infrastructure available during the conference itself.

設計
She Ji · Design